Content:
1. summary
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field of navigation as it pertains to the current state of the art with emphasis on aviation applications. The manifold integration of navigation sensors into flight control systems is touched upon. With this lecture, many facets of complex control systems are addressed using an interesting, real-world example. The goal of the lecture is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between sensors and control systems in addition to the pure technical knowledge of navigation.
2. contents
2.1 Introduction
In the introduction a definition of navigation and a short historical review is given. Using vehicles as an example, the influence of different environmental conditions (number of degrees of freedom, etc.) on navigation is presented. Finally, the different types of navigation are briefly described and compared.
2.2 Basics
In the basics section, elementary components, procedures and specifications of navigation are first discussed. This includes descriptions of the magnetic and gyro compass, the elementary course calculation as well as the common earth models and coordinate systems. This structure is deliberately based on the historical development of navigation. Furthermore, the theoretical basics for the evaluation of the system properties and the most important design criteria are taught. This chapter covers topics like error calculation, reliability, integrity and redundancy. Finally, the implementation in the computer is discussed with the topics quantization, numerical accuracy and software verification.
2.3 Radionavigation
In this part, the main radionavigation systems are explained. In addition, the common methods for position calculation by means of radionavigation are presented. A special focus of this chapter is the application of spherical trigonometry for general position calculation.
2.4 Dead reckoning
Based on the basic methods of position and heading calculation, the principle of dead reckoning is described. The topics of course and attitude reference, on-board speed measurement, air data systems and Doppler radar are discussed.
2.5 Satellite navigation
The current status and foreseeable future developments of satellite navigation are described. In addition to the operating principle, special emphasis is placed on the procedures for integrity checking and error detection. This results in an application-oriented discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of individual (augmentation) systems currently under development, such as DGPS, WAAS, LAAS and EGNOS.
2.6 Inertial Navigation
The functional principle of inertial navigation including inertial sensors is presented. Classical navigation platforms and strapdown methods are contrasted for illustration and consolidation. The topics initial alignment, error estimation and barometer support complete the chapter with a strong application focus.
2.7 Integrated Navigation
In this chapter the principle of filter and observer is described. The theoretical basics for Kalman filtering and covariance calculation are given. Finally, error detection and isolation as well as database-based methods are presented.
2.8 Navigation in Flight Guidance
In this chapter, the interaction of different navigation modes and procedures with flight control systems is discussed. Selected examples are used to describe the influence of navigation on flight phases, display systems, and route planning. Special attention is given to the diverse use of databases in navigation and flight control, resulting in new problems in error and integrity considerations of navigation systems.
2.9 Applications and Examples
The Flight Management Guidance Control System of the Airbus A340 is explained as an example of a technical application of the entire range of the topic of navigation. The system architecture, the integration of the navigation sensors, the most important system characteristics and the control characteristics of the overall system are discussed. The focus is on error and integrity considerations. As a procedural application example, the Area Navigation (RNAV) approach and departure procedures (SIDs and STARs) developed by DFS and Lufthansa in 1996/1997 are presented. Here, too, the consideration of the control characteristics of the overall system and the determination of the error variables play a central role. With the application example Air Traffic Management and 4D-Navigation, an outlook into future developments of the next ten years is given. The main topics 4D-trajectories and conflict detection and coordination will be addressed. As an example of the influence of databases on navigation, the problem of so-called map shifts is described, including its causes and possible remedies. These are errors in the position calculation, which can be caused by certain errors in the navigation database.
Literature
Script
Expected number of participants
80
Remark Web portal
Please refer to the notice board and/or the department's homepage. The course is scheduled to take place on specific dates on Wednesdays from 16:00 to 17:30 in room L402/202.
Online offerings
moodle
1. summary
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field of navigation as it pertains to the current state of the art with emphasis on aviation applications. The manifold integration of navigation sensors into flight control systems is touched upon. With this lecture, many facets of complex control systems are addressed using an interesting, real-world example. The goal of the lecture is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between sensors and control systems in addition to the pure technical knowledge of navigation.
2. contents
2.1 Introduction
In the introduction a definition of navigation and a short historical review is given. Using vehicles as an example, the influence of different environmental conditions (number of degrees of freedom, etc.) on navigation is presented. Finally, the different types of navigation are briefly described and compared.
2.2 Basics
In the basics section, elementary components, procedures and specifications of navigation are first discussed. This includes descriptions of the magnetic and gyro compass, the elementary course calculation as well as the common earth models and coordinate systems. This structure is deliberately based on the historical development of navigation. Furthermore, the theoretical basics for the evaluation of the system properties and the most important design criteria are taught. This chapter covers topics like error calculation, reliability, integrity and redundancy. Finally, the implementation in the computer is discussed with the topics quantization, numerical accuracy and software verification.
2.3 Radionavigation
In this part, the main radionavigation systems are explained. In addition, the common methods for position calculation by means of radionavigation are presented. A special focus of this chapter is the application of spherical trigonometry for general position calculation.
2.4 Dead reckoning
Based on the basic methods of position and heading calculation, the principle of dead reckoning is described. The topics of course and attitude reference, on-board speed measurement, air data systems and Doppler radar are discussed.
2.5 Satellite navigation
The current status and foreseeable future developments of satellite navigation are described. In addition to the operating principle, special emphasis is placed on the procedures for integrity checking and error detection. This results in an application-oriented discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of individual (augmentation) systems currently under development, such as DGPS, WAAS, LAAS and EGNOS.
2.6 Inertial Navigation
The functional principle of inertial navigation including inertial sensors is presented. Classical navigation platforms and strapdown methods are contrasted for illustration and consolidation. The topics initial alignment, error estimation and barometer support complete the chapter with a strong application focus.
2.7 Integrated Navigation
In this chapter the principle of filter and observer is described. The theoretical basics for Kalman filtering and covariance calculation are given. Finally, error detection and isolation as well as database-based methods are presented.
2.8 Navigation in Flight Guidance
In this chapter, the interaction of different navigation modes and procedures with flight control systems is discussed. Selected examples are used to describe the influence of navigation on flight phases, display systems, and route planning. Special attention is given to the diverse use of databases in navigation and flight control, resulting in new problems in error and integrity considerations of navigation systems.
2.9 Applications and Examples
The Flight Management Guidance Control System of the Airbus A340 is explained as an example of a technical application of the entire range of the topic of navigation. The system architecture, the integration of the navigation sensors, the most important system characteristics and the control characteristics of the overall system are discussed. The focus is on error and integrity considerations. As a procedural application example, the Area Navigation (RNAV) approach and departure procedures (SIDs and STARs) developed by DFS and Lufthansa in 1996/1997 are presented. Here, too, the consideration of the control characteristics of the overall system and the determination of the error variables play a central role. With the application example Air Traffic Management and 4D-Navigation, an outlook into future developments of the next ten years is given. The main topics 4D-trajectories and conflict detection and coordination will be addressed. As an example of the influence of databases on navigation, the problem of so-called map shifts is described, including its causes and possible remedies. These are errors in the position calculation, which can be caused by certain errors in the navigation database.
Literature
Script
Expected number of participants
80
Remark Web portal
Please refer to the notice board and/or the department's homepage. The course is scheduled to take place on specific dates on Wednesdays from 16:00 to 17:30 in room L402/202.
Online offerings
moodle
- Lehrende: Jürgen Beyer
Semester: ST 2022